: Deep-seated cultural differences and stereotypes fueled the fire. Dayaks viewed Madurese as "aggressive," while Madurese traditions like carok (honor-based dueling) were seen as a threat to local harmony.
: Over 100,000 Madurese were forced to flee Kalimantan by boat, many returning to the island of Madura. video asli perang sampit dayak vs madura verified
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