The binary file is the raw data—the actual 1s and 0s. However, an SMD programmer or a Pick-and-Place machine cannot simply "read" a raw file without context. They need to know:
To bridge the gap to the SMD, software tools like SRecord , Hex2Bin , or the proprietary software included with programmers (like TL866 , Segger J-Flash , or Galep-5 ) are used. bin to smd
# Process in 1024-byte chunks (split into two 512-byte halves) for i in range(0, len(data), 1024): block = data[i:i+1024] half_size = 512 The binary file is the raw data—the actual 1s and 0s
openocd -f interface/stlink.cfg -f target/stm32f1x.cfg -c "program firmware.bin 0x08000000 verify reset exit" software tools like SRecord
import binascii